Local Self-Government (Panchayats & Municipalities)
स्थानीय स्वशासन (पंचायत एवं नगर पालिकाएं)
The third tier of governance in the Indian federal system, providing democratic decentralization through rural Panchayati Raj Institutions and urban Urban Local Bodies (Municipalities).
To empower grassroots communities, ensure participatory local decision-making, manage civic amenities, and execute micro-level economic planning.
Key Articles & Constitutional Provisions
Article 243A: Gram Sabha
Establishes the Gram Sabha consisting of all registered voters in a village as the foundation of direct grassroots democracy.
Article 243D & 243T: Reservation of Seats
Mandates constitutional reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and women in Panchayats and Municipalities.
Article 243I & 243Y: State Finance Commission
Constitution of State Finance Commissions every five years to review the financial position of local bodies and recommend tax sharing.
State Election Commissions
Conducts local body elections independent of ECI
State Finance Commissions
Reviews and recommends resource devolution from state to local bodies
District Planning Committees
Consolidates rural and urban plans at the district level under Article 243ZD